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Foundations

What is the difference between Sunni and Shia?

The classical scholars traced the division to a specific moment in 7th-century Kufa. Here is what the classical Sunni sources say about the origin, the theology, and the lived difference today.

10 passages from 9 books in the library

Where the answer comes from

The classical approach.

These passages are drawn from 9 books by Ibn al-Qayyim, Imam al-Ghazali, Imam al-Dhahabī, Ibn Battuta, and Ibn Kathir — part of the classical Sunni tradition that carries over a thousand years of reflection on the Qurʾān, the authentic Sunnah, and the consensus of the early community. Nothing below is a paraphrase. The words are the scholars' own, translated from the original Arabic manuscripts.

Read them closely. If a passage doesn't sit right, open the full book in the library and listen to the chapter around it. Context in the classical tradition is everything.

Cover of Volume Three
Volume Three
Ibn al-Qayyim · Madārij al-Sālikīn

14th century · Damascus, Syria
Madārij al-Sālikīn — the classical map of the spiritual journey — and a vast body of work on the soul, love, the traps of the ego, and the nature of the heart.
More on Ibn al-Qayyim → · Provenance →

  1. "التَّوْحِيد is seeing nothing with the absolute existence but Him. اللّٰه, the Exalted, knows best. Section: The Division of Sects in التَّوْحِيد and How Each Sect Names Their Falsehood as التَّوْحِيد The sects have divided the concept of التَّوْحِيد, and each sect has named their falsehood as التَّوْحِيد. For the followers of أَرِسْطُو, اِبْن سِينَا, and نَاصِر الطُّوسِيّ, التَّوْحِيد means affirming the existence of an entity devoid of essence and attributes."

  2. "is more of a simplification than a true division. If seeking, journeying, and desiring were to leave the servant, he would be completely cut off from اللّٰه. This division reflects the servant's progression in his spiritual journey. The desire of the desired servant, his seeking, and his journey are more intense than that of others. He is initially desired, as he is placed in the position of seeking and drawn into the journey."

Cover of Volume One
Volume One
Ibn al-Qayyim · Madārij al-Sālikīn

14th century · Damascus, Syria
Madārij al-Sālikīn — the classical map of the spiritual journey — and a vast body of work on the soul, love, the traps of the ego, and the nature of the heart.
More on Ibn al-Qayyim → · Provenance →

  1. "This division is based on their knowledge of the truth and acting upon it: those who know and act according to it are blessed, those who know but oppose it incur wrath, and those ignorant of it are astray. This division arose after the sending of the messengers. Without them, they would have been one community. This division is necessary according to reality, making the message essential."

Cover of Book 18: The Book of Listening and Ecstasy
Book 18: The Book of Listening and Ecstasy
Imam al-Ghazali · Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din

11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali → · Provenance →

  1. "The Prophet, peace be upon him, resorted to supplication to seek love. This explains the division of spiritual experience into unveilings and states, and their division into what can be expressed and what cannot be, as well as into what is acquired and what is natural. Now, if you ask why some do not exhibit spiritual experience when hearing the Qur'an, which is the word of Allah, while they do so with poetic songs, you might wonder if it were truly from Allah's grace and not deceit from Satan, the Qur'an would evoke it more than songs."

Cover of Book 8: The Mysteries of Qur'an Recitation
Book 8: The Mysteries of Qur'an Recitation
Imam al-Ghazali · Ihya’ ‘Ulum al-Din

11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali → · Provenance →

  1. "The narration states that the Prophet, peace be upon him, instructed Abdullah ibn Amr to complete the Qur'an weekly, which is agreed upon in his hadith. The narration of dividing the Qur'an into seven sections is recorded by Ibn Majah from the hadith of Aws ibn Hudhayfa concerning comments about his division of the Qur'an. Aws inquired of the Companions of the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, about their division, and they said, "Three, five, seven, nine, eleven, thirteen, and the separate sections."

Cover of Al-Kabā'ir — The Major Sins
Al-Kabā'ir — The Major Sins
Imam al-Dhahabī · Timeless Classics

13th–14th century · Damascus, Syria
Siyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ — the monumental biographical dictionary of Islamic scholarship, from the companions of the Prophet ﷺ through al-Dhahabī's own era. A working-scholar reference used for seven centuries.
More on Imam al-Dhahabī → · Provenance →

  1. "And whoever disobeys Allah and His Messenger, Mujahid said, refers to what Allah has mandated regarding inheritance. Ikrimah reported from Ibn Abbas that whoever is displeased with Allah's division and transgresses what Allah has decreed will enter the fire. Al-Kalbi stated that this means to disbelieve in Allah's division of inheritance and to transgress His limits, which will lead him to the fire, abiding therein, and he will have a humiliating punishment."

Cover of Volume One: From Tangier to the Lands of the East
Volume One: From Tangier to the Lands of the East
Ibn Battuta · Rihla — The Travels of Ibn Battuta

14th century · Tangier, Morocco
The Riḥlah — a 30-year, 75,000-mile journey across three continents, and the most important travel account of the pre-modern world.
More on Ibn Battuta → · Provenance →

  1. "the shore. The inhabitants of this city are all Imami Twelvers, followers of the Twelver branch of Shia Islam, divided into two groups, one known as the Kurds and the other as the people of the two masjids. A perpetual discord exists between them, with ongoing conflict. Near the grand market of this city, there is a mosque with a curtain of silk hanging over its door, called the Shrine of the Sahib al-Zaman, the Mahdi, a messianic figure in Shia Islam."

Cover of Book 2: The Book of Belief
Book 2: The Book of Belief
Imam al-Ghazali · Ihya’ ‘Ulum al-Din

11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali → · Provenance →

  1. "According to Islamic law, there is no divide between the apparent and the hidden, or the secret and the public; they are unified. However, understand that the division of these sciences into hidden and apparent is undeniable to one with insight. It is only the short-sighted who reject this division—those who cling to early knowledge acquired in youth without further ascent into higher realms of scholarship, reserved for scholars and saints."

Cover of Volume 2 — From the Israelite Prophets to Pre-Islamic Arabia
Volume 2 — From the Israelite Prophets to Pre-Islamic Arabia
Ibn Kathir · Al-Bidāya wal-Nihāya

14th century · Bosra, Syria
Monumental history Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, the world's most widely read Qurʾanic commentary, and the classical Stories of the Prophets.
More on Ibn Kathir → · Provenance →

  1. "Solomon. Peace be upon them, and before Zechariah and John. Peace be upon them. Among them was Shia ibn Amziah. Muhammad ibn Ishaq said that he was before Zechariah and John, and gave glad tidings of Jesus and Muhammad. Peace be upon them. During his time, there was a king named Hezekiah over the children of Israel in the land of the temple, who was obedient to Shia in what he commanded and forbade for the benefit of the people."

Cover of Book 1: The Book of Knowledge
Book 1: The Book of Knowledge
Imam al-Ghazali · Ihya’ ‘Ulum al-Din

11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali → · Provenance →

  1. "those who understand only with guidance and teaching, and those for whom teaching and guidance are useless. This division is like the division of land into places where water gathers naturally, those that require digging to bring forth channels, and those that remain dry despite digging. This is due to differences in the properties of the earth, just as there is a difference in the nature of intellectual faculties among people."

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