What is the purpose of life in Islam?
The classical scholars answered this question the way the Qurʾan did: directly, without ornament. Here is what they said.
10 passages from 7 books in the library
Life's purpose is the worship and servitude of Allah. The classical scholars answer plainly: as al-Ghazali notes, if the purpose of creating these beings is for worship, then everything is ordered toward it — even the farthest acts from worship, such as eating and relieving oneself, assist in worship when intended rightly. He teaches that eating to gain strength for Allah's worship turns an ordinary act into devotion, and warns that even abundant worship can be undone by heedlessness, as it was for Iblis after long worship.
Drawn from the classical sources below — in the scholars' own words.
The classical approach.
These passages are drawn from 7 books by Ibn al-Qayyim, Imam al-Ghazali, and Ibn Kathir — part of the classical Sunni tradition that carries over a thousand years of reflection on the Qurʾān, the authentic Sunnah, and the consensus of the early community. Nothing below is a paraphrase. The words are the scholars' own, translated from the original Arabic manuscripts.
14th century · Damascus, Syria
Madārij al-Sālikīn — the classical map of the spiritual journey — and a vast body of work on the soul, love, the traps of the ego, and the nature of the heart.
More on Ibn al-Qayyim →
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"In everything He decrees and ordains, there is profound wisdom, clear signs, and a call to His servants to recognize Him by His names and attributes, to love Him, remember Him, thank Him, and worship Him through His beautiful names. Each name has a specific form of worship associated with it, in knowledge, understanding, and state. The most complete in servitude are those who worship with all the names and attributes known to humanity, not letting the servitude of one name prevent them from the servitude of another."
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"The Prophet, peace be upon him, said, "A servant finishes his prayer, and only half, a third, a quarter, or even a tenth of it is recorded for him." اِبْن عَبَّاس, may اللّٰه be pleased with them, added, "You only have from your prayer what you understood of it." While such a prayer may be considered correct in form, it does not achieve its full purpose if the heart is not engaged. The focus is on the servitude of the heart. Neglecting this inner servitude means neglecting the true servitude to اللّٰه, even if one performs outward acts of worship."
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"They do not fulfill the true essence of "You alone we worship" from the verse in سُورَة الفَاتِحَة, even though they have a portion of "we worship You." However, they do not have a share in "You alone we worship," which implies: we worship none but You, with love, fear, hope, obedience, and reverence. Thus, "You alone we worship" affirms this التَّوْحِيد and negates associating others with Him in divinity, just as "You alone we ask for help" affirms the oneness of lordship and negates associating others with Him in it."
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"As He, the Exalted, said: "Did you think that We created you in vain and that you would not be returned to Us?" This means not without purpose or wisdom, nor without worship and recompense. He explicitly stated: "And I did not create the jinn and mankind except to worship Me." Thus, worship is the ultimate purpose for which all creatures were created. اللّٰه, the Exalted, said: "Does man think that he will be left neglected?" meaning without command or prohibition."
11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
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"and affects only the individual. If looking leads to further sin it becomes a more severe issue. In cases where one can control their gaze but not their thoughts celibacy is better as freeing the heart for worship is important. Worship cannot be complete with unlawful earnings. Thus the challenges and benefits should be weighed carefully. For those secure from these challenges combining worship with marriage is possible. Marriage does not hinder devotion to God if one can earn lawfully. If earning lawfully allows for worship during other times marriage is better. However if one's worship involves knowledge and reflection and earning disrupts this celibacy is preferable."
11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali →
· Provenance →
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"For actions whose rationale is understood may find favor with natural inclinations, leading to them; thus the purity of devotion and servitude is not manifested. Servitude is demonstrated when movement is solely for the sake of obedience to the command of the worshipped and not for any other reason. Most acts of Hajj are similar in this way, which is why the Prophet, peace be upon him, declared during his state of Ihram, "At Your service for a true Hajj, as pure worship and servitude," highlighting that this displays servitude through compliance with the command as ordered, without the intellect finding solace in it."
14th century · Damascus, Syria
Madārij al-Sālikīn — the classical map of the spiritual journey — and a vast body of work on the soul, love, the traps of the ego, and the nature of the heart.
More on Ibn al-Qayyim →
· Provenance →
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"Those furthest from اللّٰه and His Messenger are those who oppose him in purpose and path; they are the people of polytheism and innovation in worship. Among them are those who agree with him in purpose but differ in the path, and others who agree in the path but differ in purpose. Whoever's intention is اللّٰه and the hereafter has aligned with him in purpose."
14th century · Damascus, Syria
Madārij al-Sālikīn — the classical map of the spiritual journey — and a vast body of work on the soul, love, the traps of the ego, and the nature of the heart.
More on Ibn al-Qayyim →
· Provenance →
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"which involves a form of self-worship, as they are focused on themselves. The seeker of reward is directed towards seeking his own benefit, which is a branch of servitude to oneself. Observing people in their worship involves a branch of servitude to oneself, as it seeks their admiration, praise, and commendation. These are branches of self-servitude."
14th century · Damascus, Syria
Madārij al-Sālikīn — the classical map of the spiritual journey — and a vast body of work on the soul, love, the traps of the ego, and the nature of the heart.
More on Ibn al-Qayyim →
· Provenance →
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"the five daily prayers for the establishment of His remembrance, and to engage the heart, limbs, and tongue in servitude, assigning each its share of worship. This is the intended purpose of creating the servant, prayer is thus positioned at the highest levels of servitude. Verily, Allah, glorified and exalted is He, created humans, and chose them from among all creatures. He made their hearts the repository of His treasures of faith, the oneness of God, sincerity, love, modesty, reverence, and vigilance. He promised them the ultimate and finest reward upon their return, which is the vision of His face, attainment of His"
14th century · Bosra, Syria
Monumental history Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, the world's most widely read Qurʾanic commentary, and the classical Stories of the Prophets.
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"the Exalted said and we had certainly given Abraham his sound judgment earlier and we were of him well-knowing meaning he was worthy of that. Allah also said and mentioned when Abraham said to his people worship Allah and fear him that is better for you if you only knew. You only worship besides Allah idols and you create falsehood. Indeed those you worship besides Allah do not possess for you the power of provision. So seek from Allah provision and worship him and be grateful to him. To him you will be returned and if you deny nations before you have denied. And there is not upon the messenger except the duty of clear"
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