Why does Islam have so many rules?
Al-Ghazali argued that the apparent scale of Islamic law serves a single purpose — the preservation of five essentials: faith, life, lineage, intellect, and property. Every rule is justified by tracing back to one of those five.
10 passages from 7 books in the library
Islam's rules, the classical scholars explain, are not arbitrary but serve coherent ends within the Sharia, even when the wisdom behind a particular ruling is not obvious. Al-Ghazali's cited works caution that "not all human abilities can comprehend every secret of sharia," urging the believer to understand "the evaluations of the Sharia" with trust and proper etiquette. The law distinguishes what is taken "with the owner's consent but without sharia's consent," showing that its standards guard realities reason alone cannot fully grasp. The rules, in this view, form a unified guidance rather than a burden.
Drawn from the classical sources below — in the scholars' own words.
The classical approach.
These passages are drawn from 7 books by Imam al-Ghazali, Ibn al-Qayyim, and Ibn Kathir — part of the classical Sunni tradition that carries over a thousand years of reflection on the Qurʾān, the authentic Sunnah, and the consensus of the early community. Nothing below is a paraphrase. The words are the scholars' own, translated from the original Arabic manuscripts.
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"thus it is called permissible. The servant should not initiate anything from himself in it, but wait for the command, and when commanded, he complies. Thus, all his movements and stillness are by God Almighty, what has a ruling in the Sharia is by the Sharia, and what does not have a ruling in the Sharia is by the inner command. At that point, he becomes a true person of reality, and what lacks an inner command is merely action in a state of submission."
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"So it is with one who follows determination and adheres to it; if the support of divine success and care is withdrawn from him, and he is left in concessions, he does not stray from the courtyard of the Sharia. If death overtakes him, he is in obedience and worship, and his deeds bear witness to his righteousness. But whoever remains with concessions and does not advance to determination, if divine success is withdrawn and his supports are cut off, then desires and passions overcome him, leading him to consume the forbidden and stray from the Sharia."
11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali →
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"which reasonably could vary among different statutes. In such cases, if consuming another person's wealth without their consent and without the approval of the Sharia is not considered a major sin, then consuming interest is done with the owner's consent but without Sharia's consent. Even though the Sharia severely warns against fornication, it also severely warns against injustice through usurpation and other acts, emphasizing betrayal."
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"it wouldn’t be a major sin but rather drinking impure water, while a single drop remains in doubt. The Imposition of legal punishment by the Sharia indicates its severity, thus classifying it as a major sin by Sharia standards. Not all human abilities can comprehend every secret of Sharia. If consensus is reached that something is a major sin, it must be followed; otherwise, it's subject to pause."
11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali →
· Provenance →
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"Now, if you say these verses and narrations are subject to interpretations, explain how the apparent differs from the hidden. If the hidden contradicts the apparent, it nullifies Islamic law, aligning with those who say reality is contrary to the Sharia, which constitutes disbelief. The Sharia signifies the apparent, and reality signifies the hidden."
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"Now, if you say this discussion suggests that these sciences have both apparent and hidden aspects, with some being obvious at first and others hidden, becoming clear through diligence, discipline, persistent pursuit, clear thought, and a heart free from worldly distractions, you might argue that this contradicts Islamic law. According to Islamic law, there is no divide between the apparent and the hidden, or the secret and the public; they are unified."
11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali →
· Provenance →
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"one's wealth, the severity of the need, and the righteousness and worthiness of the one in need. Whoever fulfills the obligations of Islamic law and the obligations of propriety suitable to him has absolved himself from miserliness. Indeed, one cannot be characterized as generous and open-handed unless he provides beyond that, seeking virtue and attaining higher ranks. When his heart expands to give wealth where it is not obligatory by Islamic law and customary reproach does not apply, he is generous to the extent his heart expands for little or much. The degrees of this generosity are limitless, and some people are more generous"
14th century · Damascus, Syria
Madārij al-Sālikīn — the classical map of the spiritual journey — and a vast body of work on the soul, love, the traps of the ego, and the nature of the heart.
More on Ibn al-Qayyim →
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"Punishments Corresponding to the Degrees of Sins. He has prepared for the believers a basin from which they will drink, corresponding to their partaking in his sharia in this world. Those barred from drinking from his sharia and religion here will be deprived there. Consider the hereafter as if seeing it with your own eyes, and contemplate the wisdom of God in both worlds. You will then know with certainty that this world is the cultivation ground for the hereafter, its title and its example. People's positions in happiness and misery there correspond to their positions in this world concerning faith"
14th century · Bosra, Syria
Monumental history Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, the world's most widely read Qurʾanic commentary, and the classical Stories of the Prophets.
More on Ibn Kathir →
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"We do not possess anything that confirms or denies it, so it is permissible to narrate them for consideration. As for what our Sharia has confirmed as truth, we have no need for it, as we suffice with what we have. And what our Sharia has testified against as falsehood is rejected. Since Allah has sufficed us with our messenger Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, over other laws, and with his book over other books, we do not rely on what they have, which contains confusion and alteration."
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"of faith. In language, faith is the heart's affirmation that includes knowledge of what is affirmed. In the Sharia, it is affirmation. It is knowledge of Allah and His attributes along with all obligatory and voluntary acts of obedience and avoiding errors and sins. It is permissible to say that faith is the religion, the Sharia, and the creed, because religion is what is adhered to in terms of obedience while avoiding prohibitions and forbidden acts."
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