How should a Muslim seek sacred knowledge?
The scholars set out an etiquette of study that treats knowledge as a trust. Who you learn from, how you hold what you learn, what you do with it — each was given a rule.
10 passages from 7 books in the library
The classical scholars, especially al-Ghazali in his Book of Knowledge, framed seeking knowledge as an etiquette and a trust, governing who you learn from and how you hold what you learn. The student should follow the method his teacher prescribes and set his own preferences aside. Teachers, too, are bound: a language teacher should not disparage jurisprudence, nor a jurist dismiss another science. He also urged guarding a scholar's honour — "Do not tell people of a scholar's slip" — and warned that learning pursued for worldly gain corrupts the trust knowledge is meant to be.
Drawn from the classical sources below — in the scholars' own words.
The classical approach.
These passages are drawn from 7 books by Ibn Kathir, Imam al-Ghazali, Imam al-Dhahabī, and Ibn Battuta — part of the classical Sunni tradition that carries over a thousand years of reflection on the Qurʾān, the authentic Sunnah, and the consensus of the early community. Nothing below is a paraphrase. The words are the scholars' own, translated from the original Arabic manuscripts.
14th century · Bosra, Syria
Monumental history Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, the world's most widely read Qurʾanic commentary, and the classical Stories of the Prophets.
More on Ibn Kathir →
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"The teacher could not teach him anything without Jesus anticipating it. The teacher began to teach him the alphabet, and Jesus asked, What is Abjad? The teacher replied, I don't know. Jesus said, How can you teach me what you do not understand? The teacher said, Then teach me. Jesus said to him, Stand from your place. So the teacher stood and Jesus sat in his place and said, Ask me."
11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali →
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"to lead by example, inspiring more by your actions before benefiting from words. The Etiquette of the Learner If you are a learner, the etiquette required of you with your teacher includes, beginning with greetings and peace, speaking little in their presence, refraining from speaking until your teacher asks you, seeking permission before asking questions, not opposing your teacher's words by citing others who differ with him, and not suggesting contrary opinions to imply you know better than your teacher. You should not engage in conversation with others in the class, nor turn your head towards distractions. Sit quietly and attentively,"
14th century · Bosra, Syria
Monumental history Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, the world's most widely read Qurʾanic commentary, and the classical Stories of the Prophets.
More on Ibn Kathir →
· Provenance →
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"the soul and guides the heart. In the pursuit of knowledge, one must approach it with sincerity and humility. It is essential to seek knowledge from reliable sources and to engage with scholars who embody the teachings of Islam. The companions of the Prophet, such as Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali, were known for their dedication to learning and their commitment to sharing that knowledge with others. As we embark on this journey of learning, let us remember the words of the great scholar Ibn Kathir, who said, Knowledge is the key to understanding the Divine and the means to attain closeness to Allah. Therefore, let us strive to acquire"
14th century · Bosra, Syria
Monumental history Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, the world's most widely read Qurʾanic commentary, and the classical Stories of the Prophets.
More on Ibn Kathir →
· Provenance →
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"said there is nothing wrong with him according to the Jews and the Torah of Moses. Al-Abbas continued. Then the scholar called me, and I came and sat in that gathering the next day, where Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and the scholar were present. I said to the scholar, I have heard that you asked my cousin about a man from us who claims to be the messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, and he informed you that he is his uncle, but he is not his uncle, he is his cousin, and I am his uncle and the brother of his father. The scholar asked, his father's brother? I replied, his father's brother. He turned to Abu Sufyan"
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"The teacher replied, I do not know. Jesus said, How can you teach me what you do not know? The teacher then asked Jesus to teach him. Jesus took the teacher's seat and explained, The alif is the grace of Allah, the ba is the beauty of Allah, and the jim is the joy of Allah and his majesty. The teacher was astonished and Jesus was the first to interpret Abu Jaad."
11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali →
· Provenance →
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"for he commits it today and may abandon it tomorrow." He also said, "Do not tell people of a scholar's slip, for the scholar may slip and then leave it. In the tradition, it is warned against the slip of the scholar and advised not to cut him off, but to wait for his return." In the hadith of 'Umar, when he asked about a brother he had a bond with, who went to al-Sham, he inquired from some who had come to him and said: A hadith warning against the slip of the scholar without disconnecting, waiting for his reformation, was narrated by 'Amr ibn 'Awf al-Muzani, but it is considered weak."
13th–14th century · Damascus, Syria
Siyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ — the monumental biographical dictionary of Islamic scholarship, from the companions of the Prophet ﷺ through al-Dhahabī's own era. A working-scholar reference used for seven centuries.
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"Zayd said to him, "O Abu Abd Allah! How did your journey to Islam begin?" Salman replied, "I was an orphan from Ramahurmuz. The son of its chieftain used to go to a teacher for learning, so I stayed with him to be under his care. I had an older brother who was self-sufficient, while I was just a boy. When the teacher would leave his gathering, those who were learning would disperse. Once they left, he would cover his head with his garment and climb the mountain, doing this repeatedly in disguise."
14th century · Tangier, Morocco
The Riḥlah — a 30-year, 75,000-mile journey across three continents, and the most important travel account of the pre-modern world.
More on Ibn Battuta →
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"virtuous of sultans. When the teacher informed him about me, he sent his deputy to invite me. The teacher suggested I remain until a second invitation was sent. At that time, the teacher suffered a sore on his leg, preventing him from riding, and thus he was absent from the school. When the Sultan summoned me a second time, the teacher was troubled and said, I cannot ride, yet I wish to accompany you to convey to the Sultan what you deserve."
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"heat. He brought us a variety of fruits and was an excellent host, feeding our animals, and we spent the night with him. We learned that there was an esteemed teacher in the city named Muhi al-Din, and the man hosting us, a student, took us to the school. There we met the teacher arriving, riding a fine mule with his servants and students surrounding him. He stood before us, wearing exquisite gold-embroidered clothes. We greeted him, and he warmly welcomed us, engaging in pleasant conversation. He took me by the hand and seated me beside him. Then, Judge Izz al-Din arrived, known as Farooshti, a title he earned for his piety, chastity, and virtue. He sat on the teacher's"
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"caution used the Chinese bowls and wooden spoons. I spoke in praise of the Sultan and lauded the scholar, which greatly pleased and delighted the Sultan. During our time with the Sultan, an elder with a turban and a tassel arrived, greeted the Sultan, and the judge and scholar stood up for him. He sat before the Sultan on the bench with the reciters below. I asked the scholar, Who is this elder? He laughed and remained silent. I repeated the question and he told me, This is a Jewish doctor. We all need him, which is why we showed the respect you saw by standing for him. I was taken aback and felt unease. I said to the Jew, Cursed one, son of a curse, how do you sit above"
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