Who are the four imams of Sunni Islam?
Abū Ḥanīfah in Kufa, Mālik in Madinah, al-Shāfiʿī who travelled across both, and Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal in Baghdad. The four mujtahids whose methodologies became the four Sunni schools of fiqh.
10 passages from 7 books in the library
The four imams of Sunni Islam are Abū Ḥanīfah of Kufa, Mālik of Madinah, al-Shāfiʿī who travelled between the centres of learning, and Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal of Baghdad — the mujtahids whose methodologies became the four schools of fiqh. Al-Ghazali, in the Book of Knowledge, portrays Mālik ibn Anas placing the seeking of knowledge above other acts, and the passages preserve the bond between the imams: Mālik prepared the place of ablution for al-Shāfiʿī. The transmission of their schools is noted as carrying down through Shāfiʿī, Mālik, and Abū Ḥanīfah.
Drawn from the classical sources below — in the scholars' own words.
The classical approach.
These passages are drawn from 7 books by Ibn Kathir, Imam al-Ghazali, Ibn al-Qayyim, and Ibn Battuta — part of the classical Sunni tradition that carries over a thousand years of reflection on the Qurʾān, the authentic Sunnah, and the consensus of the early community. Nothing below is a paraphrase. The words are the scholars' own, translated from the original Arabic manuscripts.
14th century · Bosra, Syria
Monumental history Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, the world's most widely read Qurʾanic commentary, and the classical Stories of the Prophets.
More on Ibn Kathir →
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"Malik ibn Abi Qali al-Jufi, an ally of Banu Adi, and Malik ibn Rabi'ah, known as Abu Usaid al-Sa'idi, were also prominent. Malik ibn Qudama al-Ausi and Malik ibn Amr, brother of Taqif ibn Amr, were emigrants allied with Banu Tamim ibn Dudan ibn Asad. Malik ibn Masud al-Khazraji and Malik ibn Thabit ibn Numayla al-Muzani, an ally of Banu Amr ibn Auf, were also mentioned."
11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali →
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"Blessings upon His Messenger Muhammad, in the first and the last. Yahya ibn Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik wrote to Malik ibn Anas, expressing concern over Malik's lifestyle. He noted that Malik wore fine clothes, ate delicate foods, sat on cushions, and had a guard at his door. Yahya advised Malik to fear Allah and remain humble, reminding him that many people looked up to him as an Imam."
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"Malik replied, "No, but I will tell you something. I heard Rabi’ah ibn Abi ‘Abd al-Rahman say, 'A man's status is his home. When al-Rashid asked the same question, Malik again said, "No. Al-Rashid then gave him three thousand dinars to buy a house, but Malik did not spend it. When al-Rashid planned to travel, he invited Malik to accompany him, intending to compel people to follow the Muwatta as Uthman, may Allah be pleased with him, compelled people to follow the Quran."
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"Malik offered it as a gift to him, saying, "It is a gift from me to you, O Abu Abdallah. Al-Shafi'i suggested Malik keep a steed to ride, but Malik's generosity and reverence for Medina's soil were evident. Malik's intention with knowledge was to seek the face of God Almighty and disdain worldly life. He once said, "I entered upon Harun al-Rashid, and he said to me, 'O Abu Abdullah, you should attend us so that our children can hear Al-Muwatta' from you."
14th century · Damascus, Syria
Madārij al-Sālikīn — the classical map of the spiritual journey — and a vast body of work on the soul, love, the traps of the ego, and the nature of the heart.
More on Ibn al-Qayyim →
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"The other books named by the author are listed below in alphabetical order, with page numbers where they are mentioned. Al-Tufad by Ibn Tahir, Rabi al-Abrar by al-Zamakshari, Zood by Imam Ahmad, including editions by his son Abdullah, al-Zahra by Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Dawood al-Zahiri, al-Sunnah by Abdullah ibn Imam Ahmad, al-Du'afa by Ibn al-Jawzi, al-Aqeeba by Abduhaq al-Ishbili, al-Kamil by Ibn Adi, books of al-Ashari, Kitab al-Mujabin fi al-Dua by Ibn Ab al-Dunya, Masai al-Imam Ahmad as reported by Ibn Hani, Masai al-Imam Ahmad as reported by al-Shalngi, Mujam al-Tabarani, Manakib Umar by Ibn Abi al-Dunya, al-Mawduat by Ibn al-Jawzi."
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"regarding the nature of this punishment, whether it is unconditional execution or has the natural punishment for an adulterer. There are two views. Shafi, Malik, and Ahmad in one of his narrations stated that the punishment is that of an adulterer. Ahmad, Ishaq, and a group of the Hadith scholars held the view of unconditional execution. Additionally, they all agreed that if one engaged in intercourse under the guise of marriage knowingly, he would be punished, except for Abu Hanifa alone, who considered this a doubt that negates the punishment."
11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali →
· Provenance →
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"Abu Abbas shouted, O Abu Abbas, rid yourself of this lowly concern, for Allah has subtle kindnesses unseen. Ahmad the captain recounted a visit to al-Shibli. Al-Shibli, in a frenzy, said, O Ahmad, prompting Ahmad to ask, what is the news? Al-Shibli explained that he had resolved to give whatever he received that day to the first poor person he met. A servant brought him 50 dinars, which he gave to a blind beggar at a barber. The barber refused payment, saying they had agreed not to charge the beggar. Ahmad then threw the dinars into the tigress, declaring, One whom Allah honors, no one can humiliate. Hamza Ibn Abdullah al-Alawi"
14th century · Bosra, Syria
Monumental history Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, the world's most widely read Qurʾanic commentary, and the classical Stories of the Prophets.
More on Ibn Kathir →
· Provenance →
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"I say: among the Emigrants who were martyred that day were Malik ibn Amr, a confederate of the Banu Ghanm, an emigrant and a veteran of Badr; Yazid ibn Ruqaysh ibn Rabab al-Asadi, a veteran of Badr; al-Hakam ibn Said ibn al-As ibn Umayya al-Umawi; Hasan ibn Malik ibn Buhayna, brother of Abd Allah ibn Malik al-Azdi, a confederate of the Banu al-Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf; Amir ibn al-Bakr al-Laythi, a confederate of the Banu Adi and a veteran of Badr; Malik ibn Rabia, a confederate of the Banu Abd Shams; Abu Umayya Safwan ibn Umayya ibn Amr; Yazid ibn Aws, a confederate of the Banu Abd al-Dar;"
11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali →
· Provenance →
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""Do those who commit evil deeds think they can be made like those who believe and do righteous deeds? until morning. Al-Mughira bin Habib observed Malik ibn Dinar making ablutions after Isha, then standing at his place of prayer, holding his beard as tears choked him, and saying, "Gray hairs of Malik are forbidden in the Fire. My Lord, You know who dwells in Paradise and who dwells in the Fire; which of the two men is Malik, and in which of the two abodes is Malik?"
14th century · Tangier, Morocco
The Riḥlah — a 30-year, 75,000-mile journey across three continents, and the most important travel account of the pre-modern world.
More on Ibn Battuta →
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"The Sultan ordered that the elephants, along with the majority of the horses and mules, be taken to the fertile eastern region to graze, entrusting Ayn al-Malik with their protection. Ayn al-Malik had four brothers, Zahra Allah, Nasr Allah, Fadl Allah, and another whose name I do not recall. They conspired with their brother Ayn al-Malik to seize the Sultan's elephants and cavalry, pledge allegiance to Ayn al-Malik, and rise against the Sultan."
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