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Knowledge

What is beneficial knowledge in Islam?

Not every kind of knowledge is beneficial. Al-Ghazali divided the sciences into praiseworthy and blameworthy, and the line he drew is the line most Muslims today have never seen.

10 passages from 9 books in the library

Beneficial knowledge, in al-Ghazali's framing in the Ihya, is the praiseworthy knowledge, which he distinguishes sharply from the blameworthy. The measure he applies is the end a science serves: "what leads to praiseworthy ends is praiseworthy," so knowledge that draws a person toward Allah, obedience and self-examination is the knowledge worth pursuing. He points to the beneficial knowledge Allah grants as guidance, and treats sciences that lead only to worldly ambition or distraction as blameworthy. The line, he notes, is one most people never see drawn.

Drawn from the classical sources below — in the scholars' own words.

Where the answer comes from

The classical approach.

These passages are drawn from 9 books by Imam al-Ghazali, Ibn Kathir, and Ibn al-Qayyim — part of the classical Sunni tradition that carries over a thousand years of reflection on the Qurʾān, the authentic Sunnah, and the consensus of the early community. Nothing below is a paraphrase. The words are the scholars' own, translated from the original Arabic manuscripts.

Read them closely. If a passage doesn't sit right, open the full book in the library and listen to the chapter around it. Context in the classical tradition is everything.

Cover of Book 33: Fear and Hope
Book 33: Fear and Hope
Imam al-Ghazali · Ihya’ ‘Ulum al-Din

11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali → · Provenance →

  1. "Ignorance arises when one does not know the outcome of their affairs; if they understood, they would not fear because what is feared is uncertain. Incapacity refers to being exposed to harm without the ability to repel it. Thus, fear is praiseworthy concerning human deficiency. In itself, the praiseworthy qualities are knowledge and power—all attributes that can describe God the Exalted. Attributes that cannot describe God are not perfect in essence; they are deemed praiseworthy only relative to greater deficiencies—just as enduring the pain of medicine is commendable because it is lesser than the pain of illness and death."

Cover of Book 1: The Book of Knowledge
Book 1: The Book of Knowledge
Imam al-Ghazali · Ihya’ ‘Ulum al-Din

11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali → · Provenance →

  1. "Regarding religious sciences, which are the focus of this clarification, all of them are praiseworthy, though there may be some that appear religious but are blameworthy. They are divided into praiseworthy and blameworthy. The praiseworthy sciences have fundamentals, branches, introductions, and supplementary aspects. They are divided into four types: The first type: the fundamentals, which are four - the Book of Allah Almighty, the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, the consensus of the community, and the traditions of the Companions."

  2. "know that he is a compromiser, because if he spoke the truth, they would hate him." Explanation of the Commendable Degree of Praiseworthy Knowledge Know that, in this respect, knowledge is of three categories: one that is blameworthy both in small and large amounts; one that is praiseworthy both in small and large amounts, and the more there is, the better and more preferable; and one that is commendable to the extent of sufficiency, and any excess is not praised nor is thoroughness in it, such as: The hadith: "Whoever lies upon me intentionally, let him take his seat in the Fire," is agreed upon from the hadith of Abu Hurairah, Ali, and Anas."

Cover of Book 14: The Lawful and the Unlawful
Book 14: The Lawful and the Unlawful
Imam al-Ghazali · Ihya’ ‘Ulum al-Din

11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali → · Provenance →

  1. "contrary to what some fools claim with their saying that "knowledge is a veil," for it is ignorance that is the veil. We have interpreted this statement in the Book of Knowledge, clarifying that the veil is the blameworthy knowledge, not the praiseworthy, and we have explained the praiseworthy and blameworthy types. As for a jurist not in their attire or manners, they can prevent him from joining them, but if they consent to his joining, he may eat with them by association."

Cover of Book 18: The Book of Listening and Ecstasy
Book 18: The Book of Listening and Ecstasy
Imam al-Ghazali · Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din

11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali → · Provenance →

  1. "He would weep and grieve until funerals were held from his lamentation gatherings. He did this with his words and melodies, and it was praiseworthy because what leads to praiseworthy ends is praiseworthy. Based on this, it is not forbidden for a preacher with a pleasant voice to recite mournful, heart-softening poetry on the pulpit or to weep and pretend to weep to encourage others to weep and stir their grief."

Cover of Volume 3 — The Sīrah: From the First Revelation to Badr
Volume 3 — The Sīrah: From the First Revelation to Badr
Ibn Kathir · Al-Bidāya wal-Nihāya

14th century · Bosra, Syria
Monumental history Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, the world's most widely read Qurʾanic commentary, and the classical Stories of the Prophets.
More on Ibn Kathir → · Provenance →

  1. "Others included Shumayl ibn Zayd, Jabal ibn Amr ibn Sakina, Al-Naham ibn Zayd, Kardam ibn Kab, Wab ibn Zayd, Nafi ibn Abi Nafi, Adi ibn Zayd, Al-Harith ibn Auf, Kardam ibn Zayd, Usama ibn Habib, Rafi ibn Zamila, Jabal ibn Abi Kushair, and Wab ibn Yehuda. From the Banu Zuraik, there was Labid ibn Assam, who bewitched the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him. Among the Jews of Banu Harithah was Kinana ibn Suriyah, and from the Jews of Banu Amr ibn Auf was Kardam ibn Amr. From the Jews of Banu Najjar was Silsilah ibn Barham. Ibn Ishaq described these individuals as Jewish scholars and adversaries of the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, and his companions,"

Cover of al-Fawāʾid — Points of Benefit, Volume Two
al-Fawāʾid — Points of Benefit, Volume Two
Ibn al-Qayyim · Timeless Classics

14th century · Damascus, Syria
Madārij al-Sālikīn — the classical map of the spiritual journey — and a vast body of work on the soul, love, the traps of the ego, and the nature of the heart.
More on Ibn al-Qayyim → · Provenance →

  1. "thereby." And in the hadith, "Plainness of dress is part of faith." And God has condemned the extravagant; and extravagance, just as it occurs in food and drink, occurs in clothing too. The resolution of the dispute is to say that beauty in form, dress, and bearing is of three kinds: some of it is praiseworthy, some blameworthy, and some to which neither praise nor blame attaches. The praiseworthy is that which is Nothing Profits the Servant Like Truthfulness with His Lord for God, and which aids obedience to God, the carrying out of His commands, and the answering of His call — as the Prophet would adorn himself for delegations."

Cover of The Disease and The Cure
The Disease and The Cure
Ibn al-Qayyim · Timeless Classics

14th century · Damascus, Syria
Madārij al-Sālikīn — the classical map of the spiritual journey — and a vast body of work on the soul, love, the traps of the ego, and the nature of the heart.
More on Ibn al-Qayyim → · Provenance →

  1. "vain hopes, and mirages that have no reality? What wisdom, knowledge, and guidance could be engraved alongside such inscriptions? If one wishes to inscribe beneficial knowledge on their heart while it is preoccupied with what holds no benefit, it is as if trying to write useful knowledge on a surface already written with useless text. Unless the heart is cleared of bad thoughts, beneficial thoughts will not settle in it. They only settle in an empty space, as it is said, Her love came to me before I knew what love was, and found an empty heart, and thus took root. Therefore, many aspirants on the spiritual path base"

Cover of Al-Ghunya li-Ṭālibī Ṭarīq al-Ḥaqq — Volume One
Al-Ghunya li-Ṭālibī Ṭarīq al-Ḥaqq — Volume One
Shaykh Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani · Timeless Classics
  1. "O Allah, send blessings upon Muhammad and upon the family of Muhammad as you sent blessings upon Abraham. Indeed, you are praiseworthy, glorious. O Allah, grant our Master Muhammad the means and the virtue and raise him to the praiseworthy station you have promised him. O Allah, send blessings upon the soul of Muhammad among the souls and upon his body among the bodies as he conveyed your message, recited your verses, proclaimed your command, strove in your path, commanded obedience to you, forbade disobedience to you, opposed your enemy, allied with your friend, and worshipped you until certainty came to him."

Cover of The Beginning of Guidance
The Beginning of Guidance
Imam al-Ghazali · The Beginning of Guidance

11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali → · Provenance →

  1. "Therefore, whatever is left of your time during the day has four conditions. The first and best condition is to dedicate it to seeking beneficial knowledge in religion, not the theoretical pursuits that people have become engrossed in and called knowledge. The beneficial knowledge is that which increases your fear of Allah Almighty, sharpens your perception of your faults, increases your recognition of the worship of your Lord, decreases your desire for the world, increases your yearning for the hereafter, opens your insight into the perils of your deeds so that you guard against them, and informs you of the"

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