Khalifah
Khalifah — vicegerent or successor — is the role Allah announced for humanity before Adam was even created. The angels heard the word and expressed concern: 'Will You place therein one who causes corruption and sheds blood?' Allah's reply was immediate: 'I know what you do not know.' Al-Ghazali and Ibn Kathir both read this exchange as the most important theological statement about human dignity: humanity was chosen for a sacred trust — to represent divine will, uphold justice, and steward the earth — not because they were sinless but because they had a capacity for knowledge, moral choice, and repentance that made them uniquely suited for the role.
As understood in the classical tradition of Ibn Kathir and the scholars of his school.
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