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Journey

What did Ibn Battuta see in Anatolia?

Crossing Anatolia, Ibn Battuta was hosted town after town by the young men's brotherhoods and recorded the Turkish principalities before the Ottomans.

8 passages from 2 books in the library

The passages here say little about Anatolia itself; most mention Turks elsewhere, in Khurasan and India. One describes a city that had once been large but was much destroyed in a conflict between the Romans and the Turks: the Romans won at first, then the Turks' allies answered with a severe massacre, exiling most of the people and leaving a few under protection. It also records the hospitality presented to the lady at every stop in those lands: horses, sheep, cows, a food called duki, a drink called koums, and cow and sheep milk.

Drawn from the classical sources below — in the scholars' own words.

Where the answer comes from

The classical approach.

These passages are drawn from 2 books by Ibn Battuta — part of the classical Sunni tradition that carries over a thousand years of reflection on the Qurʾān, the authentic Sunnah, and the consensus of the early community. Nothing below is a paraphrase. The words are the scholars' own, translated from the original Arabic manuscripts.

Read them closely. If a passage doesn't sit right, open the full book in the library and listen to the chapter around it. Context in the classical tradition is everything.

Cover of Volume One: From Tangier to the Lands of the East
Volume One: From Tangier to the Lands of the East
Ibn Battuta · Rihla — The Travels of Ibn Battuta

14th century · Tangier, Morocco
The Riḥlah — a 30-year, 75,000-mile journey across three continents, and the most important travel account of the pre-modern world.
More on Ibn Battuta → · Provenance →

  1. "al-Jisti, a significant figure in Khorasan whose word was respected, mounted a group of his men and vassals, stating he would take Nizamuddin to the Turks to please them and then return him. The people leaned towards his suggestion and Nizamuddin realized their consensus. He went with Sheikh Abu Ahmad to the Turks. Upon arrival, Prince Timur al-Adi approached him saying, you took my wife from me and struck him with his mace, fracturing his skull, causing him to fall dead. Sheikh Abu Ahmad was taken aback and returned home, after which the Turks returned what they had taken of the horses and livestock."

  2. "This city used to be large, yet much was destroyed due to a conflict that occurred between the Romans and the Turks. Turks, with the Romans emerging victorious initially. However, allies of the Turks retaliated against the Romans with a severe massacre, exiling most and leaving a few under protection until now. The hospitality presented to the lady in every stopover in those lands consisted of horses, sheep, cows, duki, a type of food, koums, a beverage, and cow and sheep milk."

  3. "Raffidites, he overcame them. These Turks customarily visited Herat, sometimes drinking wine there, and some would come while under the influence. Nizamuddin would punish any of them found drunk. These Turks were people of valor and bravery, frequently launching raids into Indian lands where they would seize and kill, occasionally capturing some Muslim women from Indian lands amid the infidels. Upon bringing them to Khorasan, Nizamuddin would free the Muslim women from Turk captors. Muslim women in India customarily did not pierce their ears, unlike non-Muslims whose ears were pierced. Once, a Turkish prince named"

  4. "assembled at his door with 6,000 men, and he feared them. He summoned the jurist and the city's leaders, and as he had consumed alcohol, they implemented the prescribed punishment inside his palace, and then left. The Turks of the desert neighboring Herat, whose king was the aforementioned Gidamor, totaling 50,000, were feared by King Hussein, who annually sent them gifts and maintained diplomacy before defeating the Raffidites. After the victory over the Raffidites, he overcame them. These Turks customarily visited Herat, sometimes drinking wine there, and some would come while under the influence. Nizamuddin"

Cover of Volume Two: From India to the Lands of the West
Volume Two: From India to the Lands of the West
Ibn Battuta · Rihla — The Travels of Ibn Battuta

14th century · Tangier, Morocco
The Riḥlah — a 30-year, 75,000-mile journey across three continents, and the most important travel account of the pre-modern world.
More on Ibn Battuta → · Provenance →

  1. "kaf, Sheikh Imam Rukh Nudin, son of Sheikh Shamsuddin Abu Abdullah, son of the saint Imam Bahauddin Zakariya al-Qurashi al-Multani, told me from his retreat that Sultan Tughluq was among the Turks known as Karwana, with a fatha on the kaf, ra, sukun on the wa, and fatha on the nun, residents of the mountains between Sindh and Turk lands. He was of modest means, and came to Sindh in the service of some merchants. He was a kulwani, which is a horse herder. This was during Sultan Alauddin's reign, and his brother Uluq Khan was the governor of Sindh at the time. Tughluq served him, and became attached to his side,"

  2. "It is said that a poor man in Bukhara saw Balban there, who was short, insolent, and insignificant, and ugly. The man called out to him, using a derogatory term for Turks, O Turk, to which Balaban replied politely, Yes, my lord. Impressed by his response, the man asked him to buy some pomegranates from the market. Balaban agreed, using the only coins he had to purchase the fruit. When he gave the pomegranates to the poor man, the latter said, I grant you the kingdom of India. Balaban kissed his own hand and accepted, pledging his contentment with the offer. This implanted in his mind, and it so happened"

  3. "which was the time of severe cold, and much snow fell on the way. Although I have seen the arduous roads and thick snow in Bukhara, Samarkand, Kurasan, and the lands of the Turks, I have not seen a path more difficult than the one leading to Umm Junaybah. We arrived on the eve of Eid al-Adha at Dar al-Tamah, where I spent the day of Eid al-Adha. Then I departed and arrived at the presence of Fez, the residence of our Lord, the commander of the faithful. May God support him."

  4. "His beauty eclipsed the beauty of the king of India. His noble character exceeded that of the ruler of Yemen. His courage matched that of the king of the Turks. His forbearance was like that of the king of Rome, his piety akin to the king of Turkestan, and his knowledge equal to the king of Java. Present was his esteemed minister, renowned for his notable virtues and numerous achievements, Abu Ziyan ibn Wudarar."

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Grounded in the Qurʾān, authentic Sunnah, and the four madhāhib. Sourced answers. Never a fatwā — for personal matters, ask a qualified imam. How these answers are made →

The whole road

Every stop of the thirty-year journey, on one map — with the passage from the Riḥla for each: Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's route, mapped →

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