What did Ibn Battuta see in Multan and Sind?
Ibn Battuta entered India through Sind, and Multan was where the Sultan of Delhi's officials first received him.
8 passages from 2 books in the library
Ibn Battuta calls Multan the capital of Sind and the seat of Imad al-Mulk Sartiz, the Mamluk who commanded the Sultan's forces there. He describes the postal system by which reports from Sind reached Delhi in five days, though the journey took fifty: a horse post with stations every four miles, and a foot post with a stage every third of a mile. He records a tax of seven silver dinars on every horse brought into Multan, and the siege of Siwistan, where the defenders, who surrendered after forty days, were betrayed and executed.
Drawn from the classical sources below — in the scholars' own words.
The classical approach.
These passages are drawn from 2 books by Ibn Battuta — part of the classical Sunni tradition that carries over a thousand years of reflection on the Qurʾān, the authentic Sunnah, and the consensus of the early community. Nothing below is a paraphrase. The words are the scholars' own, translated from the original Arabic manuscripts.
14th century · Tangier, Morocco
The Riḥlah — a 30-year, 75,000-mile journey across three continents, and the most important travel account of the pre-modern world.
More on Ibn Battuta →
· Provenance →
-
"he was in the city of Siwistan in Sindh, which lies ten days' journey from Multan. The distance between the Sindh region and the Sultan's capital, Delhi, is 50 days. Messages sent by informants from Sindh reach the Sultan in five days due to the postal system. The postal system in India has two types. The horse post, called Wulak, with a W and ending with a Q, consists of horses owned by the Sultan, stationed every four miles. The footpost has intervals of one mile, with three stages within it, called the Dawa, with a D and a W, which is a third of a mile, while a mile is called a Kurova, with a K and a R. Each third of a mile has an"
-
"reached Imad al-Mulk Sertiz, a servant of the sultan and then commander of the troops in Sindh, residing in Multan. He gathered the armies and prepared for battle by land and on the Sindh river. Between Multan and Siwistan is a ten day journey. Caesar came out to meet them, but was defeated disastrously, retreating into the city, which was then besieged with catapults. The siege intensified for forty days until they requested peace, agreeing to the terms only to be betrayed once they surrendered. Their wealth was seized, and they were executed in gruesome manners, some beheaded, others crucified with their skins"
-
"to this duty, and they sent news of our arrival to Qutb al-Mulk, the governor of the city of Multan. The principal emir of Sindh at that time was a Mamluk of the Sultan named Sartiz. He was one of the notable Mamluks before whom the Sultan's armies would parade. His name means sharp-headed, as Sar, with an open S and a silent R, means head, and T's, with a T and a Z, means sharp. At the time of our arrival, he was in the city of Siwistan in Sindh, which lies ten days' journey from Multan."
-
"retreat that Sultan Tughluq was among the Turks known as Karwana, with a fatha on the kaf, ra, sukun on the wa, and fatha on the nun, residents of the mountains between Sindh and Turk lands. He was of modest means, and came to Sindh in the service of some merchants. He was a kulwani, which is a horse herder. This was during Sultan Alauddin's reign, and his brother Uluq Khan was the governor of Sindh at the time. Tughluq served him, and became attached to his side, assigning him to the bayat, with a kasra on the ba, and a fatha on the ya, at the end of the letters, which are foot soldiers. His competence shone, and he was"
14th century · Tangier, Morocco
The Riḥlah — a 30-year, 75,000-mile journey across three continents, and the most important travel account of the pre-modern world.
More on Ibn Battuta →
· Provenance →
-
"and exchange of gifts he had with Tarnushirin, addressing him as brother. Later, a man from Sindh claimed to be Tarnushirin, causing disagreement among the people about him. Upon hearing this, Imad al-Mulk Sartiz, servant of the Indian king and governor of Sindh, known as the lord of the army, who oversees the Indian forces from Multan, the capital of Sindh, sent some Turks familiar with him to see if he was truly Tarnushirin."
-
"If he wants to catch one of them, he aligns the horse he's riding with it, throws the rope around its neck, pulls it, mounts it, and leaves the other to graze. When they reach Sindh's land, they feed them fodder, because the plants of Sindh do not suffice as barley. Many die there and get stolen. They incur a tax of seven silver dinars per horse at Shashankar and at Multan, the base of Sindh."
-
"and he is currently with the King of India, where he will be mentioned later. In Samarkand, I met its judge known among them as Sadr al-Jahan, one of the scholars of noble character. He traveled to India after my journey there, and met his end in the city of Multan, the capital of the Sindh region. When this judge died in Multan, the record-keeper wrote to the King of India about the matter."
-
"and informed his companions that he wanted to head to India. Most of them turned back when they heard this, so he continued beyond the lands of Khorasan to Sindh. Once he surpassed the Sindh valley known as Punjab, he beat his drums and played his castanets, which alarmed the villagers. They thought the Tartars had come to raid them and rushed to the city called Oja, informing its governor of what they heard."
Want a different angle?
Type your question below — the answer is built from the same sources, and cited.
Every stop of the thirty-year journey, on one map — with the passage from the Riḥla for each: Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's route, mapped →