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Why do Muslims pray five times a day?

The Qurʾan does not itself specify five. The five come from the Prophet's ﷺ Night Journey, when Allah originally prescribed fifty. Mūsā urged him to ask for less. Five remained, but the scholars say the reward of fifty was kept.

10 passages from 6 books in the library

Muslims pray five times daily as a divinely prescribed obligation that the classical scholars tied to mercy and purification. In his Book of Repentance, al-Ghazali teaches that the five daily prayers expiate the minor sins between them, while major sins remain unexpiated by them and require sincere repentance; he relates the saying that the prayers from Friday to Friday cover what falls between them. In the Book of Prayer he recalls the hadith comparing the five prayers to a cleansing river, underscoring their role as a recurring spiritual washing.

Drawn from the classical sources below — in the scholars' own words.

Where the answer comes from

The classical approach.

These passages are drawn from 6 books by Imam al-Ghazali, Ibn Kathir, Imam al-Dhahabī, and Ibn al-Qayyim — part of the classical Sunni tradition that carries over a thousand years of reflection on the Qurʾān, the authentic Sunnah, and the consensus of the early community. Nothing below is a paraphrase. The words are the scholars' own, translated from the original Arabic manuscripts.

Read them closely. If a passage doesn't sit right, open the full book in the library and listen to the chapter around it. Context in the classical tradition is everything.

Cover of Book 31: The Book of Repentance
Book 31: The Book of Repentance
Imam al-Ghazali · Ihya’ ‘Ulum al-Din

11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali → · Provenance →

  1. "all that incurs legal punishments is known by name, like theft or fornication. The rule of major sins is that the five daily prayers do not expiate them, which is an affair related to the afterlife where ambiguity is more fitting, ensuring that people remain vigilant and cautious, avoiding even minor sins relying solely on the five daily prayers, and similarly avoiding major sins."

Cover of Volume 3 — The Sīrah: From the First Revelation to Badr
Volume 3 — The Sīrah: From the First Revelation to Badr
Ibn Kathir · Al-Bidāya wal-Nihāya

14th century · Bosra, Syria
Monumental history Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, the world's most widely read Qurʾanic commentary, and the classical Stories of the Prophets.
More on Ibn Kathir → · Provenance →

  1. "So I returned, and he reduced it by ten. I went back to Moses, and he repeated the same advice. I returned, and he reduced it by another ten. This continued until I was commanded to perform five prayers each day. When I went back to Moses and told him, he said, "'Your nation will not be able to perform five prayers each day."

  2. "were like those of a beast, but this is considered weak. The prayer of Gabriel is different from the prayer performed at the Kaaba, where he clarified the times of the five daily prayers. This occurred after their obligation on the night of the Isra. The details of this will be explained if Allah wills, and upon him we rely. It is also said that when Solomon intended to marry her, he asked the humans about her removal, and they mentioned Moses, so she refrained from that. He then asked the jinn, and they made for him a bathhouse, and he was the first to enter it. When he felt its warmth, he"

Cover of Volume 2 — From the Israelite Prophets to Pre-Islamic Arabia
Volume 2 — From the Israelite Prophets to Pre-Islamic Arabia
Ibn Kathir · Al-Bidāya wal-Nihāya

14th century · Bosra, Syria
Monumental history Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, the world's most widely read Qurʾanic commentary, and the classical Stories of the Prophets.
More on Ibn Kathir → · Provenance →

  1. "and its plains, and the slopes of the valleys and their heights, where you graze its vegetation and drink its pure water. On the condition that you acknowledge the fifth, perform the five prayers, and in the case of the herds and the pastures, two sheep if they gather, and if they separate, then one sheep each. There is no charity on the people of the market, nor is there any obligation on the one who is not present. Those present among us from the Muslims bore witness to the letter of Qais ibn Shamas. May Allah be pleased with them. And that was when Amr ibn Murrah said, Did you not see that Allah has manifested his religion and clarified the proof of the Quran"

  2. "and their heights. You will plant its vegetation and drink its pure water, on the condition that you acknowledge the fifth of your earnings and perform the five daily prayers. In the case of the tithes and the harvests, if they are gathered, and if they are separated, one sheep for one sheep, there is no charity upon the people of the provisions, nor is there any obligation upon them. The Prophet, peace be upon him, bore witness to this letter along with those present among the Muslims. Amr ibn Murrah also composed poetry regarding this, as elaborated in the Great Musnad, with Allah as the trust and"

Cover of Al-Kabā'ir — The Major Sins
Al-Kabā'ir — The Major Sins
Imam al-Dhahabī · Timeless Classics

13th–14th century · Damascus, Syria
Siyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ — the monumental biographical dictionary of Islamic scholarship, from the companions of the Prophet ﷺ through al-Dhahabī's own era. A working-scholar reference used for seven centuries.
More on Imam al-Dhahabī → · Provenance →

  1. "wealth and your children divert you from the remembrance of Allah, and whoever does that, then those are the losers. The interpreters say that the remembrance of Allah in this verse refers to the five daily prayers. Whoever is preoccupied with his wealth in buying and selling his livelihood and his children, neglecting prayer at its appointed time, is among the losers. The Prophet, peace be upon him, said that the first thing a servant will be held accountable for on the day of resurrection from his deeds is prayer. If it is good, he will succeed and prosper. If it is lacking, he will be disappointed and lose. Allah, the"

  2. "Bukhari narrates from Abdullah Ibn Masood may Allah be pleased with him that he advised whoever wishes to meet Allah tomorrow as a Muslim let him preserve these five prayers where the call is made indeed Allah has legislated for your Prophet the paths of guidance and they are among the paths of guidance if you were to pray in your houses as this one who neglects prayer prays in his house you would leave the Sunnah of your Prophet and if you leave the Sunnah of your Prophet you would go astray indeed we have seen that no one neglects it except a known hypocrite or a sick person a man would be brought to the"

  3. "Amr Ibn Murrah Al-juhani narrated that a man approached the Messenger of Allah peace be upon him and asked Oh Messenger of Allah if I pray the five prayers fast during Ramadan gives a cot and perform hajj. What will I have? The Prophet peace be upon him replied whoever does that will be with the prophets the truthful the martyrs and the righteous Unless he disobeys his parents The Prophet peace be upon him also said may Allah curse the disobedient child to his parents It is reported that during the night journey the Prophet peace be upon him saw people in hell hanging from trees of fire"

Cover of The Disease and The Cure
The Disease and The Cure
Ibn al-Qayyim · Timeless Classics

14th century · Damascus, Syria
Madārij al-Sālikīn — the classical map of the spiritual journey — and a vast body of work on the soul, love, the traps of the ego, and the nature of the heart.
More on Ibn al-Qayyim → · Provenance →

  1. "also said, those who avoid the major sins and indecencies accept the minor faults from Surah An-Najm. In an authentic Hadith, the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, the five daily prayers from one Friday to the next and from Ramadan to Ramadan are expiations for what occurs in between them, as long as the major sins are avoided. These expiatory acts are of three levels. The first level is the ability to expiate minor sins, which may be deficient due to the weakness of the act and the lack of sincerity and rights being fulfilled, similar to a weak medicine that fails to combat the illness both quantitatively"

Cover of Volume Two
Volume Two
Ibn al-Qayyim · Madārij al-Sālikīn

14th century · Damascus, Syria
Madārij al-Sālikīn — the classical map of the spiritual journey — and a vast body of work on the soul, love, the traps of the ego, and the nature of the heart.
More on Ibn al-Qayyim → · Provenance →

  1. "Upon what shall we pledge allegiance to you?' He said: 'That you worship اللّٰه and do not associate anything with Him, and the five daily prayers'—and he whispered a hidden word—'and that you do not ask people for anything.' He said: 'I saw some of those people, and if one of them dropped his whip, he would not ask anyone to hand it to him.'" In both صَحِيح البُخَارِيّ and صَحِيح مُسْلِم, it is narrated from اِبْن عُمَر that the Prophet, peace be upon him, said: "Asking will continue with one of you until he meets اللّٰه and there is not a piece of flesh on his face.""

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