How do I find a spiritual teacher in Islam?
The classical tradition is a chain of teachers. Al-Ghazali wrote about what to look for, what to avoid, and the specific warning signs of the teacher who will lead you nowhere.
10 passages from 5 books in the library
The classical tradition is a chain of teachers, and al-Ghazali wrote about what to seek and what to avoid in a guide. He warns against the teacher who belittles other disciplines — a language teacher should not disparage jurisprudence, nor a jurist dismiss it — for true scholars honor the whole of sacred knowledge. Once a sound guide is found, al-Ghazali teaches, it becomes the guide's duty to protect the seeker as within a sound fortress, even directing any surplus wealth toward good. Ibn Battuta's travels likewise portray lodges of revered, righteous shaykhs.
Drawn from the classical sources below — in the scholars' own words.
The classical approach.
These passages are drawn from 5 books by Ibn Battuta, Ibn al-Qayyim, Ibn Kathir, and Imam al-Ghazali — part of the classical Sunni tradition that carries over a thousand years of reflection on the Qurʾān, the authentic Sunnah, and the consensus of the early community. Nothing below is a paraphrase. The words are the scholars' own, translated from the original Arabic manuscripts.
14th century · Tangier, Morocco
The Riḥlah — a 30-year, 75,000-mile journey across three continents, and the most important travel account of the pre-modern world.
More on Ibn Battuta →
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"decree and cloaks bought in Aden, suggesting they should arrest him and send him to Sultan Qand Alam. The governor told him that Sheikh Saeed was highly esteemed by the sultan and nothing could be done without his command, but he would send him along so the sultan could decide. reported everything to the Sultan, as did the court informant. Suspicion grew in the Sultan's mind, but he became displeased with Sheikh Rajab for his public declarations after all the honors shown to Sheikh Saeed. Thus, Rajab was denied access to the Sultan, while Sheikh Saeed received increased honor. Whenever Sheikh al-Shuyuk visited, the Sultan would"
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"who was among the eminent figures and people of miraculous deeds. It is said that once the Zaydi scholars and elders came to visit Sheikh Ahmad ibn al-Ajil, the Sheikh received them outside his retreat, and his companions greeted them while he remained in his place. They discussed the matter of Qadar, divine predestination, asserting that there is no predestination and that the responsible being creates his deeds. Sheikh Ahmad told them that if their claims were true, they should rise from their seats, but they could not. The Sheikh left them in their state, entered his retreat, and they felt the intense heat and the sun's glare. In their distress,"
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"to the Lord of Iraq, and in it reside the descendants of the Saint Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad al-Rifa'i, including Shaykh Izz al-Din, the current master of the al-Rifa'i Zawiyya, and his brothers Shaykh Ali and Shaykh Yahya, sons of Shaykh Ahmad Kojak, meaning the Small, son of Taj al-Din al-Rifa'i. We stayed at their Zawiyya and found their virtue to surpass others. Then we journeyed to the city of Qumish, whose name is with Adama on the Kaf, Kasra on the Mim, and Shin Mujam. It is part of the lands of the King of Iraq, a large, bustling city visited by merchants from Iraq and Sham. It has silver mines, and two days' journey"
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"Imad al-Din al-Nabulsi, the Hadith scholar and Mufti, Shihab al-Din al-Tabari, the Maliki instructor, and the Sheikh of the esteemed Kanka Abu Abdullah ibn Muthbit al-Garnadi, a resident of Jerusalem. Among them is the ascetic Sheikh Abu Ali Hassan, known as al-Hajjub, one of the leading righteous individuals, the devout Sheikh Kamal al-Din al-Maragi, and the pious Sheikh Abu Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman ibn Mustafa from Erzurum, a student of Taj al-Din al-Rifa'i with whom I kept company and from whom I received the cloak of Sufism. I then traveled from the noble Jerusalem with the intention of visiting the"
14th century · Tangier, Morocco
The Riḥlah — a 30-year, 75,000-mile journey across three continents, and the most important travel account of the pre-modern world.
More on Ibn Battuta →
· Provenance →
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"in the cave by night, fearing thieves and disbelievers, as it was in a fortified mountain region. Upon the Sultan's return to his court, Sheikh Shihab ad-Din met him seven miles out, and the Sultan honored him with an embrace. Following their meeting, the Sultan requested Sheikh Shihab ad-Din again, however he refused to come. The Sultan then sent Muqlis al-Malik, a high-ranking noble, to persuade him gently. Sheikh declared, I will never serve an oppressor. Muqlis al-Malik reported this to the Sultan, who summoned Sheikh Shihab ad-Din and accused him of calling him an oppressor. Sheikh admitted,"
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"When the situation became dire for the Sheikh, he fled intending to go to the lands of the Turks, but he was captured. Imad al-Mulk wrote to the Sultan about this, and the Sultan ordered him to send both the Sheikh and the one who captured him under the judgment of the court. Upon their arrival, the captor was released. The Sultan said to Sheikh Hood, Where did you intend to flee? The Sheikh offered his excuse. The Sultan replied, You intended to go to the Turks and claim, I am the son of Sheikh Bahauddin Zakaria, and the Sultan has done such and such to me, and thereby bring them to fight us."
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"shrouded him, prayed over him, and buried him there. May God have mercy on him. When I set out to visit the Sheikh, four of his companions met me two days' journey from his residence. They informed me that the Sheikh had told the poor who were with him, a traveler from Morocco is coming to you, go meet him, and they had come on the Sheikh's order. The Sheikh had no prior knowledge of me, but had been mystically informed. I traveled with them to the Sheikh and arrived at his retreat outside the cave, which was unadorned."
14th century · Damascus, Syria
Madārij al-Sālikīn — the classical map of the spiritual journey — and a vast body of work on the soul, love, the traps of the ego, and the nature of the heart.
More on Ibn al-Qayyim →
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"listed 13 reasons for the strength of desire for sin in the story of the wife of Aziz, mentioning several in Tariq al-Hijratayn, Radat al-Muhibin, and Madarij al-Salikin. The latter explicitly states they are what he heard from Shaykh al-Islam ibn Taymiyyah. May Allah have mercy on him. There is nothing objectionable in this, for Shaykh al-Islam was the author's teacher and guide, and the author is a disseminator and explainer of his teacher's knowledge."
14th century · Bosra, Syria
Monumental history Al-Bidāyah wa al-Nihāyah, the world's most widely read Qurʾanic commentary, and the classical Stories of the Prophets.
More on Ibn Kathir →
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"The teacher could not teach him anything without Jesus anticipating it. The teacher began to teach him the alphabet, and Jesus asked, What is Abjad? The teacher replied, I don't know. Jesus said, How can you teach me what you do not understand? The teacher said, Then teach me. Jesus said to him, Stand from your place. So the teacher stood and Jesus sat in his place and said, Ask me."
11th–12th century · Ṭūs, Khurāsān
Reviving the inner life of Islam through the Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn — one of the most influential works ever written in any religious tradition.
More on Imam al-Ghazali →
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"to lead by example, inspiring more by your actions before benefiting from words. The Etiquette of the Learner If you are a learner, the etiquette required of you with your teacher includes, beginning with greetings and peace, speaking little in their presence, refraining from speaking until your teacher asks you, seeking permission before asking questions, not opposing your teacher's words by citing others who differ with him, and not suggesting contrary opinions to imply you know better than your teacher. You should not engage in conversation with others in the class, nor turn your head towards distractions. Sit quietly and attentively,"
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Every stop of the thirty-year journey, on one map — with the passage from the Riḥla for each: Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's route, mapped →